HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT FORM ONE: Course Outline

1. INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. 10

The meaning of history. 10

Periods in history. 10

Branches of history. 10

Importance of studying history TOPICS :CHECK TOP RIGHT

The meaning of government 12

Forms of government 12

Importance of studying government 13

Sources of information on History and government 14

Unwritten sources. 15

Electronic sources. 21

Written sources

2. EARLY MAN

Origin of man. 24

Oral traditions. 24

Creation theory. 24

Evolution theory. 24

Stages through which man evolved. 28

Culture and economic practices of early man. 36

The Old Stone Age (Lower-Palaeolithic) 39

The Middle Stone Age (Middle-Paleolithic) 43

The new stone age (Neolithic) 49

Revision Questions. 52

3. DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE. 53

Development of early Agriculture. 53

Definition of Agriculture. 54

Origin of Agriculture. 54

The beginning of domestication of animals. 54

The beginning of crop growing. 55

Early Agriculture in Egypt 56

Factors that lead to early Agriculture in Egypt 56

Impacts of early Agriculture in Egypt 59

Early Agriculture in Mesopotamia. 59

Factors that led to early Agriculture in Mesopotamia. 61

Impacts of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. 61

The Agrarian revolution. 62

Characteristics of agriculture in Europe before the agrarian revolution. 62

Agrarian revolution in Britain. 63

Factors that led to agrarian revolution in Britain. 65

Results of agrarian revolution in Britain. 66

The agrarian revolution in the United States of America. 67

Factors that led to agrarian revolution in  united states of America. 68

Effects of agrarian revolution in United States of America. 69

The food situation in Africa and the rest of the developing world. 69

Factors that have contributed to shortage of food in the developing world. 69

Effects of food shortage in the developing world. 71

Solutions to food shortages in the developing world. 72

Revision Questions. 72

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4. THE PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.. 73

Background to the people of Kenya. 73

Origin of the people of Kenya. 75

Migration and settlement of the people of Kenya. 75

The Bantu. 75

Factors for migration. 75

Western Bantu. 75

Eastern Bantu. 78

Effects of their migration. 85

The Nilotes. 85

River and Lake Nilotes. 85

Factors for migration. 87

Effects of their migration. 88

The plain Nilotes. 88

Factors for migration. 89

Effects of their migration. 92

Highland Nilotes. 92

Factors for migration. 94

Effects of their migration. 95

Effects of Nilotes’ migration. 95

Cushites. 96

Southern Cushites. 96

Eastern Cushites. 96

Factors for migration. 97

Effects of their migration. 98

Effects of Cushites migration. 98

Revision Questions. 100

5. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF KENYAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19^TH CENTURY.. 101

The Bantu. 101

The Agikuyu. 101

The Ameru. 103

The Akamba. 105

The Abagusii 106

The Mijikenda. 108

The Nilotes. 109

The Luo. 109

The Nandi 111

The Maasai 112

The Eastern Cushites. 114

The Borana. 114

The Somali 115

Revision Questions. 116

6. CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO THE 19^TH CENTURY.. 118

Sources of information on the history of the East coast of Africa. 118

Early visitors to the coast up to 1500. 119

Reasons for the coming of early visitors. 120

Trade between East Africa and the outside world -Indian Ocean trade. 122

Development of trade. 122

Organisation of trade. 123

Factors for the decline trade

Impacts of the trade. 124

Coastal city states. 125

Factors for the rise of the coastal city states. 125

Features of the coastal city states. 125

Factors for the decline of the coastal city states. 127

The coming of the Portuguese. 127

Portuguese conquest and rule and rule of the East coast of Africa. 128

Reasons for Portuguese success. 130

Portuguese rule. 130

Decline of the Portuguese rule. 131

Impacts of the Portuguese rule. 133

Oman rule. 135

Seyyid Said’s reign 1804-1856. 135

Effects of Oman rule. 136

Plantation farming. 137

Factors for the development of plantation farming. 137

Effects of plantation farming. 137

Long distance trade. 138

Development 139

Organisation. 140

Impacts. 141

International trade. 142

Factors that promoted international trade along the East African coast 142

Trade goods. 142

Impacts of international trade. 142

Christianity. 143

Reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries. 143

Missionary activities in Kenya. 143

Challenges faced by Christian missionaries. 145

Effects of missionary activities in Kenya. 146

7. CITIZENSHIP. 149

Meaning of citizenship. 150

Methods of becoming a Kenya citizen. 150

Revocation of citizenship. 151

Types of citizenship. 151

Rights and freedoms of a Kenyan citizen. 151

Responsibilities/ duties of a Kenyan citizen. 155

Values of a good citizen/elements of a good citizen. 156

Revision Questions. 156

8. NATIONAL INTEGRATION.. 157

Importance of national integration. 157

National unity. 157

Factors promoting national unity. 157

Factors limiting national unity. 159

Conflict resolution. 160

Definition of conflict resolution. 160

Causes of conflicts. 160

Types of Conflicts. 161

Categories of conflicts. 161

Methods of conflict resolution. 162

Process of resolving conflicts. 162

Effects of conflicts. 164

Revision questions. 164

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