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Thursday, April 30, 2020

UFAAFU WA ANWANI-CHOZI LA HERI

UFAAFU WA ANWANI-CHOZI LA HERI


Chozi ni matone ya maji yanayotoka kwenye jicho/macho ya mtu kutokana na maumivu au furaha. Heri ni hali ya kuwa salama au hali ya kupata jambo jema. Pia linamaanisha nafuu au afadhali. Maneno haya yakiunganishwa pamoja yanaleta maana ya chozi linalomtoka mtu wakati hali imakuwa salama au kupata jambo zuri. Au chozi analotoa mtu hali inapokuwa nafuu au afadhali kwake.

Hoja zifuatazo zinathibitisha ufaafu wa anwani hii ya Chozi la Heri.

1.     Familia ya mzee Mwimo Msubili inateseka kutokana na udogo wa ardhi lakini hali inakuwa nzuri babake Ridhaa anapowahamisha wake zake wawili wa mwisho, katika Msitu wa Heri. Mmoja wa hawa ni mamake Ridhaa.

2.     Ridhaa anadhulumiwa na wanafunzi wenzake shulenina kutukanwa kuwa yeye ni mfuata mvua lakini hali inakuwa nzuri baada yamamake kwenda na kuzungumza na mwalimu mkuu na hali nii kusitishwa.

3.     Eneo la Msitu wa Heri lilikuwa kame (Kalahari) lakini inageuka kuwa nzuri baada ya Ridhaa kuwaletea maji ya mabomba na eneo hilo kutwaa rangi ya kichani kiwiti.

4.     Hali inakiwa nsuri kwa Mzee Kedi Ridhaa anapoyathamini masomo ya wapwa zake wawili.

5.     Mwekevu anapoingia kwenye siasa anatusiwa na watu lakini hali hii inabadilika na kuwa bora baada ya kushinda uchaguzi.

6.     Familia ya Kaizari inapata taabu anapovamiwa na wahuni lakini anapata heri wakati jirani yake Tulia anapomsaidia kutorokea palipo salama.

7.     Kaizari anapovamiwa na mkewe Subira kujeruhiwa na wananwe Lime na Mwanaheri kubakwa, anapata heri Tulia anapojitolea kumlindia nyumba isije ikaharibiwa na wahuni.

8.     Wakimbizi wanapoteseka kambini kutokana na ukosefu wa chakula, misikiti na makanisa yana waletea chakula na kuwafanya kuona heri.

9.     Wakimbizi wanapoteseka kwa kulala vibandani, shirika la Makazi Bora linajitolea kuwajengea makao bora.

10.  Selume anapotaabika baada ya kukataliwa na mumewe Mwanzi, anakutana na Ridhaa anayemsaidia kupata kazi ya uuguzi katika hospitali ya umma.

11.  Kuchomwa kwa familia ya Ridhaa kunamletea ugojwa wa shinikizo la damu lakini anasaidiwa kudhibiti hali hiikutokana na huduma za ushauri na uelekezaji kutoka kwa wataalamu.

12.  Lime na Mwanaheri wanabakwa lakini wanapata heri abaada ya kutibiwa na wauguzi waliotumwa na mashirika yasiyokuwa ya kiserikali.

13.  Ridhaa anafuraha kupatana na mwanawe Mwangeka vita vya baada ya uchaguzi vilivyozuka na kusababisha wanawe wengine pamoja na mkewe Terry kuangamia.

14.  Usalama unazorota katika nchi ya Wahafidhina lakini wanapata heri jamii ya kimataifa inapowasaidia kurejesha Amani.

15.  Kiriri anamsaidia mfanyikazi wake Kangata kuyadhamini masomo ya binti zake wawili.

16.  Riziki Immaculata, kitoto kinachotupwa na mamake kwenye biwi la taka linapata heri kinapookolewa na Neema anayekipeleka katika kituo cha watoto cha Benefactor.

17.  Umulkeri amekuwa akilia kwa kukosa wazazi lakini hali inakuwa bora kwake Apondi na Mwangeka wanapomchukua na kuishi naye kama mwana wao wa kupanga.

18.  Chanda Chema anataabika kwa kukosa malezi lakini Bwana Tenge na Bi. Kimai wanamchukua na kumlea kama mwanao.

19.  Mwaliko anatekwa nyara na nyumbani kwa Bi.Kangara lakini anaokolewa na polisi na kupelekwa katika kituo cha Benefactor.

20.  Mwangeka anafiwa na mkewe Lily Nyamvula lakini anapata heri anapowoa Apondi.

21.  Apondi anafiwa na mumewe aliyeenda kudumisha amani  lakini anapata nafuu anapoolewa na Mwangeka.

22.  Hazina anataabika barabarani kama ombaomba lakini anapata heri Umu anapompa pesa.

23.  Umulkheri anapoteseka mjini anabahatika kumpata Hazina aliyempa pesa miaka mingi iliyopita. Hazina anamsaidia Umukheri.

24.  Dick anapata heri anapojinasua kutoka kwenye biashara ya kuuza dawa za kulevya na kuanza biashara yake ya kuuza vifaa vya elekroniki.

25.  Tuama anapoteza damu nyingi baada ya kupashwa tohara lakini anapata heri anapotibiwa na kupona.

26.  Neema anataabika kwa kukosa mtoto lakini hali yake inaimarika anapofaulu kupewa Mwaliko na Mtawa Anastacia kutoka kituo cha watoto cha Benefactor na kumlea kama mtoto wa kupanga.

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY


THIS IS WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AFTER THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR OF 1870-1871



Initially Germany was divided into two, that is, the German Confederation (an association of 39 German speaking states) and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

From 19th July 1870-28th January 1871, there was Franco-Prussian war. The war was between France and Germany. Specifically, it involved the Second French Empire which was later referred to as the Third French Republic and the German states of the North German Confederation, led/dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia.

Prussia was the leading state in the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. It was the force behind the unification of Germany.

This is why it is referred to as the Franco-Prussian war.

During this time, the chancellor of Prussia was Otto von Bismarck. He is the one who masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and the first Chancellor of the German empire.
The conflict was caused by the ambitions of Prussia to expand the German territory. France feared that the European balance of power would shift if Prussia won.
Both sides mobilized their armies on 15th July 1870. This was begun by France the followed by Germany.
The French parliament voted to declare war on Prussia on 16th July 1870 but Prussia was informed about the declaration three days later.
French army invaded German territory on 2nd august. The German coalition (the German Confederation and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation #SEE THE UNIFICATION!#), mobilized their troops more effectively than the French and invaded northeastern France on 4th august.

Because of the coalition, the German army became superior in number. They were better trained and had good leadership. Also, they were well equipped and were advantaged by their use of modern technology especially railway.

Germany and Prussia realized victories in eastern France as they blockaded Metz and captured the French Emperor Napoleon III. The army of the second empire was completely defeated.
After the war, German states proclaimed their union as the German empire under the Prussian King Wilhelm I, finally uniting most of Germany as a nation-state (excluding Austria)

Germany got regions of Alsace and Lorraine from France after the Treaty of Frankfurt  of 10th May 1871.

The German conquest of French regions of Alsace and Lorraine and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power that existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
European balance of power here referred to international relations between European countries during the First World War, which evolved into the present states of Europe.
It is important to note that the determination of France to regain Alsace and Lorrain and fear of another Franco-German war along with the apprehension about the balance of power became factors in the causes of World War one.


20 COMMON QUESTIONS ON WORLD WAR

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Saturday, April 25, 2020

SARUFI NA ISIMUJAMII 01


1.         UFAHAMU:   (ALAMA 15)

Kwa wale wanaopenda kusema uongo, siku zao zinaendelea kuwa chache kila kukicha.  Teknolojia na wanasaikolojia wanaendelea kuvumbua njia na mbinu mbalimbali za kumaliza uongo katika uso wa
ulimwengu.
Kwanza, wataalamu sasa wanasema kuwa kumwangalia mtu usoni mnapozungumza moja kwa moja ni njia moja muhimu ya kutathmini kama mtu anasema ukweli ama la.  Inasemekana kuwa majaji na mahakimu hutumia njia hii kutathmini na kuamua kesi.  Aidha, wapelelezi pia huitumia wanapodekua habari kutoka kwa washukiwa.  Kuna chombo maalumu ambacho pia husaidia kuonyesha ubongo wa mtu unavyokwenda na kuonyesha kama anasema ukweli ama la.
Sasa, wataalamu wanapendekeza njia za kujua kama mtu anasema uongo ama ukweli.  Kwanza, ni muhimu kuangalia jinsi mtu anayezungumza anavyotabasamu.  Iwapo anatabasamu kwa njia ya kulazimishwa, basi kuna uwezekano kuwa mtu huyo anasema uongo.  Mtu kama huyo ataonekana kutokuwa stadi na kama mwenye kulazimishwa kulifanya jambo, hali ambayo ni muhali katika maisha ya kawaida.
Pili, ni muhimu kuangalia mikono na miguu yake.  Mtu anayesema uongo ataonekana kuwa na mikono na miguu isiyoweza kusonga kwa haraka na inayoonekana kutatizwa kila mara anapotaka kusogeza kama katika kueleza jambo.  Mikono hiyo inaweza kutumika kupangusa uso, pua ama sikio lakini haiwezi kugusa kifua kwa urahisi.
Ni muhimu kuzingatia kama anayezungumza nawe anatokwa jasho jembamba ama la.  Watu wengi wanapodanganya huwa wanatokwa na jasho jekejeke.  Wakati kama huu wanaosema uongo huongeza masuala mengine mengi ambayo hukuwauliza kama njia ya kukushawishi.
Zingatia jinsi mtu anayezungumza anavyosongeza macho yake.  Mtu anayedanganya hapendi kumwangalia anayemdanganya machoni moja kwa moja.  Wanaosema uongo pia hupenda kupepesapepesa macho kwa haraka.  Watu hupenda kuangalia kushoto sana (huku wakikumbuka yaliyotendeka hasa, taswira yake) na upande wa kulia (wakiunda taswira bandia) kuhusu yaliyotokea
Ni muhimu pia kuzingatia jinsi mtu anayesema chochote anavyoonyesha hisia zake na wakati anaotumia kufanya hivyo, jambo ambalo si dhahiri mtu anapodanganya.  Hisia hucheleweshwa, hubakia kwa muda mrefu kuliko kawaida, halafu zikakatizwa ghafla.  Vile vile, hisia hizo huenda zisiambatane na yanayosemwa.  Kwa upande wa kutabasamu, huenda hisia zinazojitokeza usoni zijionyeshe mdomoni tu na si kwingine kwa mtu anyedanganya.
Wataalamu wanasema kuwa mtu anayedanganya hupigwa kumbo na kukatwakatwa maini na maswali huku akitikisa kichwa kuchelewa kuyajibu maswali moja kwa moja.  Jibu la kweli linakuja moja kwa moja kwani liko akilini.  Maneno anayotumia na jinsi ambavyo ameyapanga ni ishara nyingine ya kuonyesha mwongo.  Watu waongo hutumia maneno uliyotumia kuuliza swali, hawajibu swali moja kwa moja, husema sana, hawabadilishi kiimbo na shadda, na hawatumii viwakilishi na hutumia ucheshi ili kukanganya.
Maswali:
(a)             Kwa nini mwandishi anasema kuwa dunia itakuwa ngumu kwa wanaopenda kudanganya?(alama 2)                     
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            (b)       Ni kwa nini uso wa mwongo ni njia rahisi ya kumshika?                                         (alama 4)
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            (c)       Mbali na mtazamo wa uso, eleza sifa zingine zinazotambulisha mwongo.             (alama 5)                        ______________________________________________________________________________
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            (d)       Wataalamu wanasema nini kuhusu kutumia hisia za mtu anayesema uongo.            (alama 2)
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            (e)       Eleza maana ya msamiati huu kama ulivyotumiwa katika taarifa.                          (alama 2)
(i)              Muhali _________________________________________________________________
(ii)            Hupigwa kumbo __________________________________________________________
2.         UFUPISHO:   (ALAMA 15)
            Inasemekana kuwa Afrika ilibuni lugha, Bara la Asia likaitakasa na Ulaya nayo ikaieneza kwaulimwengu mzima.  Sasa ni lazima Waafrika waiimarishe.  Vivyo hivyo twaweza kusema kuwa Kenyailichipuza Kiswahili, Mashariki ya kati ikaisambaza na Ulaya ikaikuza.  Wakati umefika kuistawisha.
Ni wazi kuwa Kiswahili kimepitia hatua nyingi tangu kichimbuke pwani ya Kenya.  Safari ya lugha hii
imekuwa ya kuvunja mwitu na sasa imefikia awamu ambapo inahitaji kuimarishwa. Ili kuweza kupiga
masamba katika jambo hili, yahitaji kuzua mikakati maalumu ambayo hatuna budi kufuatilia kwa jino na ukucha.
Wakati wa watu kutumia Kiswahili ‘kuombea maji’ umekwisha.  Hii imekuwa lugha yenye hadhi na ni
lazima kusisitiza matumizi ya Kiswahili Sanifu, fasaha na sahihi katika asasi na maeneo mbalimabli.
Wabunge na madiwani wetu lazima waendeshe mijadala na mikutano yao kwa Kiswahili safi.  Njia
moja ya kutimiza haya ni kuwataka kutoa ithibati ya ulimisi wa Kiswahili cha kuandika na kusema kabla
ya kuruhusiwa kugombea nyadhifa mbalimbali.
Ni ajabu kuwa watu wanapotumia lugha za kigeni kama Kiingereza, Kifaransa na Kijerumani kimakosa,
huhisi haya na hulazimika kuomba radhi.  Kama ni jukwaani, wengi hutokwa jasho kwa fedheha.  Nayo
hadhira hucheka, kushangaa au hata kushusha macho kwa soni.  Lakini watu wanapovuruga Kiswahili
wengi huona ni jambo la kawaida.  Hufanya hivyo bila kutokwa na ulimi.  Tabia hii lazima isitishwe
kwa kulazimisha Kiswahili kitumike ipasavyo shuleni, sokoni, kanisani, kazini na popote pale.  Kwa
kweli ni aibu kwa raia kutoweza kutumia lugha ya taifa kwa ufasaha.
Ili watu wasitumie ujuzi wao duni wa Kiswahili kama kisingizio yapasa ufunzaji na ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili hata kama ni madarasa ya kisoma cha watu wazima, vyuo vya ualimu au vya aina yoyote ile lazima mafunzo yatolewe kwa Kiswahili Sanifu.
Ufundishaji wa Kiswahili ukishashika kani, itakuwa rahisi kuwahimiza wananchi na viongozi kuandama desturi ya kuendesha shughuli zote rasmi na za Kitaifa ya Kiswahili bila hata haja ya kutafsiri kwa Kiingereza.  Ni vizuri wazalendo waone fahari kutumia Kiswahili kila inapobidi.  Kwa nini Kiswahili kitumiwe tu yanapohusika masuala ya kijuujuu?  Kati ya mikakati muhimu zaidi ni kutangaza vita dhidi ya mielekeo hasi.  Kuna watu wanaohisi kuwa Kiswahili ni lugha duni na haina hadhi.  Wanaona haifai kutumiwa kuzungumzia masuala nyeti kama uchumi, siasa, sheria, na kadhalika.  Haya lazima yakomeshwe.
Halikadhalika mkakati mwingine wa kuimarisha Kiswahili ni vyuo vikuu vyote kuanzisha idara ya Kiswahili.  Lengo ni kuhakikisha kuwa wasomi watafanya utafiti kuhusu Kiswahili na ufundishwaji wake.  Matokeo ya utafiti yatasaidia kuboresha mbinu za kufunza Kiswahili katika ngazi zote za elimu.  Yasaidia pia kubainisha hadhi ya lugha, matatizo yake na kinanchohitajika kufanywa ili kurekabisha hali.
Kiswahili hakitaimarika kama kitabaki tu kama soma kwenye ratiba za shule.  Kikitumiwa kufundishia masomo mengine basi kuna uwezekano wa hadhi yake kuimarika.  Kwa kweli masomo kama ya maadili, historia, sayansi kimu, siasa na dini yanaweza kufundishwa kwa Kiswahili bila shida.  Katika vyuo vikuu, kitumike pia kufundishia mbinu za mawasiliano.
Mikakati ya kaimarisha Kiswahili inategemeana na kusukumana.  Kwa mfano, ufanisi wa baadhi ya mambo tuliyotaja hapo juu hautapatikana bila vitabu na maandishi.  Kwa hivyo ipo haja ya kuzidisha juhudi katika uandishi na uchapishaji wa vitabu katika taaluma mbalimbali.
Tunaamini kuwa waliosema Kambare mkunje angali mbichi hawakukosea.  Ni muhimu basi kuongeza marudufu juhudi za kutoa vitabu vya watoto ili kupunguza pengo la uhaba wa vitabu vyao.  Wakiwa na msingi huu watainukia kukimudu na kukipenda Kiswahili.
Teknohama yaani vyombo vya teknolojia ya habari, utangazaji na mawasiliano vyastahili pongezi kwa kusaidia kuimarisha Kiswahili yapasa redio, televisheni na magazeti yatoe nafasi zaidi kwa Kiswahili.  Vilevile vyombo hivi vipunguze gharama ya matangazo ili kuwavutia wateja.  Lakini muhimu kabisa ni kuhakikisha kuwa waandishi na watangazaji wa habari wanatumia Kiswahili sahihi.
Aidha mkakati wa kupanua msamiati na istilahi katika Nyanja muhimu kama sayansi, utabibu, siasa, masuala ya kijinsia, uwajibikaji, uchumi, teknolojia na kadhalika ni lazima.  Hii itakuwa nyenzo ya kuhimiza matumizi ya Kiswahili.  Na tunapofanya haya tusisahau kutambua michango ya wasomi na watu wanaokuza Kiswahili.  Yafaa tuendeleze juhudi zao na tuwatuze nishani za Kitaifa.



Zaidi ya yote, italazimu kuanzisha vyombo vya Kitaifa vya kulea Kiswahili.  Vyombo hivi ni kama Baraza la Kiswahili na Taasisi ya Kiswahili.  Vyombo hivi yapasa viwe na matawi Wilayani na vichukue hatua ya kueneza shughuli mpaka mashinani.  Vina nafasi kubwa katika kuiunganisha mikakati mingine yote na hivyo kuipa lugha hii nafasi ya mbele katika mawanda yote ya Kitaifa na Kimataifa.
                        Maswali:
            (a)       Eleza mikakati iliyojadiliwa katika taarifa ya kukimarisha Kiswahili.  (Maneno 65-75)                                    (alama 9)
                        Matayarisho
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Jibu

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 (b)      Fupisha aya ya nane.  (Maneno 20)                                                                           (alama 3)
Matayarisho

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Jibu

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3.         MATUMIZI YA LUGHA:    (ALAMA 40)

Sunday, April 19, 2020

SARUFI NA ISIMUJAMII--25


SEHEMU C: SARUFI NA MATUMIZI VA LUGHA
(a) Bainisha sifa zinazotofautisha sauti zifuatazo.                                                                    (alama 2)
                 / e/na/ u/
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b)(i) Ainisha viambishi tamati katika tungo lifuatalo                                                            ( alama 2)
        Aliwalilia
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   (ii) Eleza maana ya mzizi.                                                                                                  (alama 1)
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(c) Pigia mstari silabi inayowekwa shadda katika tungo lifuatalo.                                          (alama 1)
Alituchochea
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(d) Eleza matumizi ya kiimbo.                                                                                                   (alama 2)
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(e) Tunga sentensi moja ukitumia kirejeshi kisisitizi cha karibu katika ngeli ya LI — YA umoja. (alama 2)
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(f)  Andika upya sentensi ifuatayo ukibadilisha neno lililopigiwa mstari kuwa nomino Mama alituimbia
       hadi tukafurahi.                                                                                                                          (alama 2)
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(g) Ainisha vitenzi katika tungo lifuatalo.                                                                                (alama 2)
     Huyu alikuwa angali bwenini.
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(h) Ainisha vivurnishi katika sentensi ifuatayo.                                                                        (alama 2)
     Mtoto wa jirani mwenye shamba kubwa anaimba.
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(i) Tambua na ueleze aina\\ za vihusishi.                                                                                  (atama 2)
    Mti ulioanguka karibu na darasa utachomwa hadi uishe.
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(j) Onyesha chagizo katika tungo hili.                                                                                      (alama 1)
     Mwalimu mnene zaidi anamiliki shamba lile kubwa.
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(k) Tunga sentensi ukitumia nomino ifuatayo pamoja na kivumishi kisisitizi cha mbali kidogo,
      Mgomba                                                                                                                                  (ala 2)
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(1) Tunga sentensi mbili ukitumia neno kisabuni kama:                                                               (ala 2)
    (i) Nomino
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    (ii) kielezi
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(m) Andika visawe vya                                                                                                                  (ala 2)
(i)              Hidaya
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(ii)            Ngeu
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 (n) landike sentensi ifuatayo upya ukitumia ‘0” rejeshi tamati                                                   (ala 2)
       Chumvi iliyochafuka si ile unayoizungumzia.
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 (o) Onyesha kishazi huru na kishazi tegemezi katika sentensi ifuatayo                                     (ala 2)
       Mwanasiasa shupavu aliyewachochea wananchi amekamatwa.
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(p) Yakinisha sentensi ifuatayo katika umoja                                                                               (ala 2)
       Nyuzi zisingekatika zisingepotea.
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(q) Nomino ‘huruma’ i katika ngeli gani?                                                                                     (ala 1)
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(r) Taja aina mbili za mofimu  na uonyeshe  mfano kwa kila.                                                     (a1a2)
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SEHEMU D: ISIMU JAMII

SARUFI NA ISIMUJAMII --26


MATUMIZI YA LUGHA –ALAMA 40
(a)   Bainisha sauti mbili aina ya likwidi.                                                                                          (ala2)
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(b)   Andika upya sentensi ifuatayo ukitujmia -0- rejeshi tamati.                                                            (ala1)
       Debe ambalo humwaga maji lina tundu.
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(c)   Unda nomino mbili kutokana na kitenzi ‘dhalimu’                                                                         (ala2)
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(d)   Neno ‘kiongozi’ ni mofimu aina gani?                                                                                      (ala1)
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(e)   Ainisha yambwa katika sentensi :                                                                                              (ala2)
       Shivambo alimnunulia babake simu.
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(f)    Huku ukitoa mfano, eleza maana ya sentEnsi tatanishi.                                                             (ala2)
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(g)   Iweke nomino ‘pua’ katika ngeli yake.                                                                                      (ala1)
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 (h)  Eleza matumizi ya ‘li’ kama ilivyotumika katika sentansi ifuatayo:                                            (ala1)
Tunda li mezani
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(i)    Tunga sentensi ukitumia kiwakilishi cha jumla katika ngeli ya KI-VI.                                        (ala2)
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(j)    Changanua sentensi ifuatayo ukitumia matawi.                                                                         (ala4)
       Amina hakwenda shuleni wala kuhudhuria ibada.
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(k)   Tumia kwa kutunga sentensi kuonyesha:                                                                                  (ala2)
       (i)  Kitumizi
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       (ii)  Umilikaji
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(l)    Ainisha virai katika sentensi ifuatayo.                                                                                       (ala2)
       Amefundishwa kupika vizuri na mamake.
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(m)  Eleza tofauti kati ya sentensi hizi.                                                                                             (ala2)
       Angeimba vizuri angetuzwa
       Angeliimba vizuri angelituzwa
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(n)   Tumga sentensi kuonyesha tofauti kati ya.
       Landa na Randa
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(o)   Kitenzi kwama kiko kauli (hali )ya
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(p)   (i)  Nini maana ya nomino dhahania.                                                                                        (ala1)
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       (ii)  Toa mfano mmoja wa nomino dhahania.                                                                            (ala1)
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(q)   Ukitoa mifano mwafaka, onyesha matumizi mawili ya koloni katika sarufi ya Kiswahili.
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(r)    Andika sentensi ifuatayo katika usemi wa taarifa.
       “Mzee, gari la moshi huondoka hapa saa ngapi?’’ Mgeni aliuliza.   
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(s)   Andika kinyume cha sentensi hii.                                                                                             (ala2)
       Kijakazi alihuzunika mtoto alipopotea.
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(t)    Taja na ueleze aina ya kielezi kilichotumika katika sentensi.                                                           (ala2)
       Wanafunzi waadilifu washauriwa watembee makundimakundi
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ISIMU JAMII –ALAMA 10
       (a) Toa ushahidi kuwa Kiswahili ni lahaja ya Kibantu.       
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