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Showing posts with label history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history. Show all posts

Sunday, February 14, 2021

UJUMBE WA DHARURA KWA WALIMU WOTE

 

UJUMBE WA DHARURA KWA WAKUFUNZI WOTE

Ni mwaka mpya ambapo mchakato wa mafunzo umeanzishwa tena rasmi baada ya kusitishwa mwaka uliopita kutokana na janga la tandavu la Korona. Katika wiki chache ambazo tumekuwa tukitimiza malengo yetu kwa kuwahudumia wanafunzi kwa njia ya mafunzo, tumeshuhudia ukatili miongoni mwa mwao katika baadhi ya shule humu nchini. Ukatili huu umehatarishs maisha ya walimu katika shule husika. Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba usalama wako ni muhimu sana, kwa hivyo huna budi kuusisitizia. Zifuatazo ni njia ambazo kulingana nami, zitaweza kutusaidia kuepuka ukatili na udhalimu wa wanafunzi.

Zingatia jukumu kuu ambalo uliajiriwa kutekeleza. Iwapo umesahau, rejelea barua yako ya kazi kutoka kwa tume ya kuajiri walimu. Kila mara hakikisha kwamba umetimiza jukumula kutimiza jukumu lako, na kwa kiwango kinashoridhisha matarajio yako, ya mwajiri na ya jamii. Kukosa kutimiza jukumu huweza ukazua uhasama wa wanafunzi dhidi yako, jambo ambalo huenda likatishia usalama wako. Wanafunzi wa sasa japo wamepungukiwa na motisha ya kujituma masomoni kutokana na athari za mienendo na maisha ya kijamii, wanatambua wakati ambapo wanapokea huduma bora kutoka kwa Mwalimu na wakati ambapo wanapokea bora huduma.

Je, sheria inakupa nguvu za kumwadhibu mwanafunzi? La. Ni muhimu kila mkufunzi kufahamu fika kwamba sote (walimu na wanafunzi) tuko katika karne ambayo mawasiliano hayana vizingiti. Yanapenya na kupokelewa na kila rika. Kwa hivyo tusipuuze ukweli kwamba wanafunzi hawa wanafahamu kwamba adhabu ni kinyume cha sharia. Wakati mwingine unaweza ukagundua kuwa mwanafunzi anapuuza hitaji lako la kumwadhibu akijua kwamba unakiuka sharia.Wewe kama mkufunzi huenda ukakerwa na jambo hili. Kabla hasira hazijakutawala, hebu jiulize iwapo kumpa mwanafunzi adhabu nimoja kati ka majukumu uliyokabidhiwa na tume.

Kupitia masomo ya saikolojia kwenye vyuo mbalimbali tulikosomea ualimu, kila mwalimu aliyekuwa makini kwa masomo hayo bila shaka anapaswa kuwa na uwezo wa kutambua ama kung’amua fikra za wanafunzi kutokana na jinsi wanavyozungumza ama kutenda mambo yao. Iwapo umegundua kisicho kawaida katika tabia na mienendo ya mwanafunzi, kinachoweza kuhatarisha maisha yako, kumbuka kuwa ni muhimu kutahadhari kabla ya hatari. Kwa mfano, ukimwona mwanafunzi na kifaa kisichohitajika shuleni kama kisu, chukua hatua kwa kufuata mchakato unaofaa ili apikonywe kifaa hicho.

Mwanafunzi anapojeruhiwa ama kwa behati mbaya, anapokufa mikonomi mwa Mwalimu, magari makubwa makubwa huja skulini kumchukulia hatua mkufunzi husika. Mwalimu anapopitia yayo hayo mikononi mwa wanafunzi, ni muhali kuona wakuu wakija kuwachukulia wanafunzi hatua. Hili ni thibitisho tosha kwamba wewe kama Mwalimu, kila mja anaamini kuwa unauwezo wa kujilinda na kujihakikishia usalama wako. Kwa hiyo tambua kwamba usalama wako unakutegemea wewe mwenyewe.

Kwa jumla, wazo langu kihusu usalama wa Mwalimu ni kwamba usalama huo unamtegemea Mwalimu mwnyewe. Kwanza, epuka matendo ambayo huenda yakazua uhasama kati yako na wanagenzi. Pili, fahamu fika jukumu lako na ulitimize ipasayvo. Tatu, chunguza na utambue tabia hasi miongoni mwa wanafunzi ambazo huenda zikaangamiza usalama wako, kisha chukua hatua kuzikomesha. Mwisho, unauwezo wa kujihakikishia usalama na kujilinda. Jilinde.

 

Sunday, May 10, 2020

IMPORTANT YEARS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD

IMPORTANT YEARS IN HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT


 The following are the most important years in history of the world:
1.     1750 
This year marked the beginning of Agrarian revolution. 
Agrarian revolution refers to rapid changes and improvements in the field of agriculture.
Between 1750 and 1850 European countries underwent changes in agriculture.
The changes were marked by:
       i.          A new system of land ownership
     ii.          Use of machines and new farming methods.
The revolution took place first in Britain.
2.     1750-1850
This period marked the Industrial Revolution.
This was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology greatly affected the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.
It began in the United Kingdom, and then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world.
In Kenya, it is hoped to be done by 2030.

Characteristics of industrial revolution in Europe

i.          Use of machines to replace human labour.
ii.          The use of steam power to replace water, wind and animal power.
iii.          Increased exploitation and use of coal, iron and steel.
iv.          Rise of the factory system in towns instead of the cottage industries in homes.
v.          Better forms of transport e.g. railways, roads and water.
vi.          Improved living standards and an increase in the human population who required more manufactured goods.
vii.          The production of goods on large scale.
viii.          The development of science and the application of scientific knowledge in production.
ix.          There was development of trade as manufactured goods were sold locally and abroad.
x.          The rise of modern capitalism that provided enough wealth which was then invested back into industry.

3.     1870-1871
This period marked the Franco-Prussian war.
The war was between France and Germany which upset the balance of power in Europe.
 It later led to the outbreak of First World War.

4.     1884-1885

Friday, May 8, 2020

20 COMMON QUESTIONS ON WORLD WAR


20 PREDICTED QUESTIONS ON WORLD WAR

1.     When did the First World War (WWI) begin?
ü  From 1914 to 1918

2.     When did the Second World War (WWII) begin?
ü  From 1939 to 1945

3.      State the immediate cause of the WWI
ü  Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie by a Bosnian revolutionary Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28th June 1914

4.     State the immediate cause of WWII.
German invasion of neutral Poland in 1939

5.     Describe the system of alliances in the WWI
Ø  The Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy NB: Italy later left the Triple Alliance, weakening the alliance.
Ø  The Triple Entente (Allied Powers)-Britain, France and Russia, Montenegro, Serbia.

6.     Name the winner of the WWI
Ø  The Allied Powers

7.     Describe the system of alliances during the WWII
ü  The Axis powers/Central Powers- Germany, Japan, Italy
ü  The Allied Powers-Britain, USSR, USA, France, Belgium

8.     Name the winner of the WWII.
The Allied Powers

9.     Give the main reason why USA joined the WWI.
ü  German attack of American ship (Lusitania) which was carrying food to Great Britain, killing some Americans/ declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare leading to the sinking of neutral USA ships in March 1917

10.  Give the main reason why USA joined the WWII.
Ø  Japanese attack on the American Naval base at Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian island.

11.  Name the side that USA joined during the WWI and WWII.
Ø  The Allies

12.  Give reasons why USA remained neutral up to 1917.
ü  She did not want to involve herself in the European affair (Monroe Doctrine of 1823)
ü  She had trade relations with both parties.
ü  The war had not interfered with her interests before 1917.
ü  She never wanted the war to be fought on her soil.
ü  There were people of German descent in USA and therefore feared a revolution.

13.  Highlight the events that led to the end of WWI
ü  Russia withdrawal from the war after the Great Russian revolution.
ü  USA declaration of war against the Central Powers.

14.  Give reasons why Germany attacked France through the neutral Belgium despite sharing a border with France.
ü  They wanted to minimize causalities on the German side.
ü  They wanted to take advantage of surprise attack in France.

15.  Give the main reason why the League of Nations was formed in 1919 at the Treaty of Versailles.
Ø  To prevent the outbreak of another world war/ to maintain world peace.

16.  Name the mandated/trust territories that were administered by the League of Nations.
ü  Togo
ü  Tanganyika
ü  Rwanda
ü  Burundi
ü  Cameroon (NB: These were German territories that were taken from her after the WWI)
ü  Iraq
ü  Palestine (both acquired from Turkey)

17.  What was the Von Schlieffen Plan
It was a plan masterminded by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, which entailed German attack on France followed by an attack on Russia. The plan meant that Germany could place the bulk of her military might on one frontier and then move it to another.

18.  State the weaknesses/ failures of the Von Schlieffen Plan.
ü  it assumed that Russia would need six weeks to mobilize but she mobilized faster than
assumed
ü  It assumed that Germany would defeat France in less than 6 weeks.
ü  German invasion of Belgium was not as fast as anticipated.
ü  Both sides were more evenly matched than the Germans had thought.

19.  Name the continents where the WWI was fought.

                                          
i.          Europe-
  ii.          Africa
 iii.          Asia
Ø  NB: In Europe, it was fought in two fronts i.e the Western front and Eastern Front.
Ø  The Western Front entailed Germany fighting against British and French forces and
later American forces.
Ø  The eastern front entailed Germany and Austria Hungary fighting Russian forces.
Ø  In Africa, the war was fought in regions where Germany had colonies neighboring
those of Allied powers eg. Cameroon, Namibia, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania.

20.  State the event that made Japan to surrender unconditionally leading to the end of the WWII.
USA dropping atomic bombs on Japan cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945

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Tuesday, May 5, 2020

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE


SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEPENDENCE
Introduction
Kenya got independence on 12th December 1963. On the night of this day, the colonial flag called The Union Jack was lowered and the Kenyan flag raised.

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES FROM 1963-1991

Main developments.
Kenya adopted a Multi-party system at independence. The main political parties included:
a)      KANU-Ruling party
b)     KADU-Main Opposition party
c)      APP- African Peoples Party- Opposition party
NB: the president, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta did not want many opposition party. Reason- they would prevent national unity.
At this time, KANU was facing the following challenges:
i.                 Ethnicity
ii.               Ideological difference whereby there were Radicals and moderates in KANU.
The radicals were led by Oginga Odinga, Bildad Kaggia and Fred Kubai while the moderates were led by Jomo Kenyatta, Tom Mboya and James Gichuru.
iii.              Serious rivalry from the opposition (KADU) over federation.

NB: The main difference between KANU and KADU at this time was that KANU favoured UNITARY constitution/government while KADU advocated for a FEDERAL constitution/government/Majimboism.

To do away with the opposition, Jomo Kenyatta authorized his then Vice President Oginga Odinga to persuade KADU and APP to join KANU.
This was achieved by December 1964 as the following leaders of KADU crossed to KANU:
ü  Ronald Ngala
ü  Masinde Muliro

Paul Ngei of APP who moved to KANU earlier had been made a minister.

As a result of this movement, Kenya became a DEFACTO ONE PARTY STATE (by fact and not by law) since KANU remained as the only party in Kenya.

ABOLITION OF FEDERALISM
ü  In 1964, the parliament abolished the federal system which Kenya had at independence.
ü  At the Lancaster House Conference, KANU reluctantly accepted the federal/majimbo system for the sake of independence.
ü  On 12th December 1964, Kenya became a republic with an executive president who was also:
v  the head of state
v  the head of government
v  the head of the ruling party
Main developments in 1964
a)     Kenya became a republic on 12th December 1964
b)     The federal system/ majimboism was abolished
c)      The post of the governor was abolished

THE LIMURU CONFERENCE OF 1966

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY


THIS IS WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AFTER THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR OF 1870-1871



Initially Germany was divided into two, that is, the German Confederation (an association of 39 German speaking states) and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

From 19th July 1870-28th January 1871, there was Franco-Prussian war. The war was between France and Germany. Specifically, it involved the Second French Empire which was later referred to as the Third French Republic and the German states of the North German Confederation, led/dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia.

Prussia was the leading state in the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. It was the force behind the unification of Germany.

This is why it is referred to as the Franco-Prussian war.

During this time, the chancellor of Prussia was Otto von Bismarck. He is the one who masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and the first Chancellor of the German empire.
The conflict was caused by the ambitions of Prussia to expand the German territory. France feared that the European balance of power would shift if Prussia won.
Both sides mobilized their armies on 15th July 1870. This was begun by France the followed by Germany.
The French parliament voted to declare war on Prussia on 16th July 1870 but Prussia was informed about the declaration three days later.
French army invaded German territory on 2nd august. The German coalition (the German Confederation and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation #SEE THE UNIFICATION!#), mobilized their troops more effectively than the French and invaded northeastern France on 4th august.

Because of the coalition, the German army became superior in number. They were better trained and had good leadership. Also, they were well equipped and were advantaged by their use of modern technology especially railway.

Germany and Prussia realized victories in eastern France as they blockaded Metz and captured the French Emperor Napoleon III. The army of the second empire was completely defeated.
After the war, German states proclaimed their union as the German empire under the Prussian King Wilhelm I, finally uniting most of Germany as a nation-state (excluding Austria)

Germany got regions of Alsace and Lorraine from France after the Treaty of Frankfurt  of 10th May 1871.

The German conquest of French regions of Alsace and Lorraine and the unification of Germany upset the European balance of power that existed since the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
European balance of power here referred to international relations between European countries during the First World War, which evolved into the present states of Europe.
It is important to note that the determination of France to regain Alsace and Lorrain and fear of another Franco-German war along with the apprehension about the balance of power became factors in the causes of World War one.


20 COMMON QUESTIONS ON WORLD WAR

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Thursday, April 16, 2020

HISTORY PP2 TEST 6 MARKING SCHEME




SECTION A: (25 MARKS)
1.       Name two types of written materials used by historians as a source of history and   government.                                                                     
(i)              Books, charts, maps, manuscripts, paintings, drawings, scrolls, stone tablets/
clay tablets.
(ii)            Newspapers/magazines.
(iii)          Diaries/Biographies.
(iv)          Journals/periodicals.
(v)            Official government records.                                                         (2 x 1 = 2mks)
         
2.       Give the main reason why the period of early man is referred to as the Stone Age.             - The early man made his tools and weapons mainly from stone.           (1 x 1 = 1mk)

3.       Name two rivers which were associated with early agriculture in Mesopotamia.                  (i)       River Tigris.
          (ii)      River Euphrates.                                                                           (2 x 1 = 2mks)

4.       Give two advantages of human transport.                                                       (2mks)
          (i)       It is a cheap form of transport.
          (ii)      It is readily available.
          (iii)     It has a flexible timetable for departure and arrival.                         (2 x 1 = 2mks)

5.       Give the main use of steam power during the industrial revolution in Europe.                            - Driving engines/machines in industries.                                                 (1 x 1 = 1mk)

6.       State one political function of the city of Cairo.                                               (1mk)
          - It is the national capital of Egypt and the political centre of the Arab world. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

7.       Which was the main factor that unified the communities of the Shona Kingdom
during the pre-colonial period.                                                   
- The Mwari religious cult/Mlimo cult/religion.                                                  (1 x 1 = 1mk)

8.       State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the British-Ndebele war of
1893 to 1896.                                                                                        
(i)       The Ndebele Indunas were made headmen.
(ii)      The Shona police were removed from Matabeleland.                      (1 x 1 = 1mk)

9.       Name two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by the
European powers.                                                                                 
(i)       The need to abolish slave trade.
(ii)      The desire to spread Christianity.
(iii)          The desire to spread western civilization/education.
(iv)          The need to settle surplus population.                                            (2 x 1 = 2mks)

10.     Name two colonies of Britain in North Africa.                                                
          (i)       Egypt.
          (ii)      Sudan.                                                                                                    (2 x 1 = 2mks)



11.     Name the first President of the Front for the liberation of Mozambique.         
          - Eduardo Mondlane Chirambo.                                                               (1 x 1 = 1mk)

12.     State two economic results of the First World War.                                                 
          (i)       European government spent huge sum of money.
          (ii)      There was massive destruction of property.
          (iii)     It led to economic depression/unemployment/starvation.                 (2 x 1 = 2mks)

13.     Name the organ of United Nations that admits suspends and expels members.
          - The Security Council.                                                                           (1 x 1 = 1mk)

14.     Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere promoted the development
of education in Tanzania after independence.                             
(i)       He established the universities of Dar-es-Salaam and Sokoine.
(ii)      He made Kiswahili the medium of instruction in schools.
(iii)     He made education to be free from primary school to university.
(iv)     He popularized the philosophy of education for self-reliance.
(v)      He introduced adult education.                                                      (2 x 1 = 2mks)

15.     Identify two superpowers that were involved in cold war.                              
          (i)       The United States of America (USA).
          (ii)      Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)/Soveit Union/Russia.    (2 x 1 = 2mks)

16.     Give the main political challenge that the Democratic Republic of Congo has faced
          since independence.                                                                    
          - Political instability/rivalry for leadership.                                               (1 x 1 = 1mk)

17.     Name one major political party in the United States of America.                    
          (i)       Republican party.
          (ii)      Democratic party.                                                                         (1 x 1 = 1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS)

SPECIAL FEATURE-PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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