MARKING SCHEME
1.
The difference
between monarchical and Aristocratic types of government.
i)
Aristocratic
government is whereby a group of people from the highest social class (Royalty)
rule over the others
ii)
While
Mornachical government is whereby a king or queen is the Head of the monarchy.
His or her position is hereditary.
2 x 1
= 2
2.
The original
homestead of the cushites.
Ethiopian Highlands. (1 x
1 = 1)
3.
Two functions of
Morans among the Maasai during pre-colonial period.
i)
Defending the
community.
ii)
Conducting raids
to boost livestock numbers.
iii)
Maintaining law
and order on market days.
2
x 1 = 2
4.
Two trade goods
from China during the Indian Ocean trade.
i)
Silk clothes (
Porcelain ware/bowls/plates)
5.
One Catholic
Mission Society that operated in Kenya during the colonial period.
i)
Holy Ghost
Fathers
ii)
Consolata
Fathers
iii)
Mill Hill Fathers.
6.
Two
ways in which the Kenyan citizen demonstrates patriotism.
i)
Take
part in activities that promote national unity.
ii)
Participating
in democratic process for example voting and joining political parties.
iii)
Respect
for law and order.
iv)
Pay
taxes.
7.
One
strategic reason why the British colonized Kenya.
i)
To
control Uganda (Land locked) as the source of river Nile, hence Kenya which is
the gateway to Uganda.
ii)
The
Kenyan coast provided good harbour facilities for Britain that is the strategic
source of supplies on their way to India.
1 x
1 = 1
8.
The
treaty that ended the Scramble and partition of East Africa.
Anglo-German treaty
of 1890 or Heligoland Treaty. (1 x
1 = 1)
9.
The
main political event that happened in Kenya in 1957.
The first African
elections to the Leg co were held. Initially African leaders for example Eliud
Mathu were nominated by the colonial government. ( 1 x
1 = 1)
10.
Two
land reforms made by the Swynnerton Plan of 1954.
i)
Land
consolidation.
ii)
Land
registration/title deeds.
11.
Two
external factors that strengthened Nationalism in Kenya after world war two.
i)
Formation of U.N.O.
ii)
The ex-soldiers who participated in
the Second World War came with new experience that broke the myth of European Supremacy.
iii)
Nationalism
in Asia e.g. Independence of India in 1947 Inspired African nationalists for
example Tom Mboya to agitate for political independence.
iv)
Pan
– Africanists made Africans realize that they shared common problems.
v)
Spread of Leninist – Marxist ideas
(communism) which attacked colonialism due to its exploitative tendencies.
2
x 1 = 2
12.
The
difference between public and community land.
i)
Public land – land which is lawfully
in the hands of government for example government forests, game reserves, water
catchment areas, historical sites, roads etc.
ii)
Community land – land vested and held
by communities due to an act of parliament through a legal process. 2
x 1 = 2
13.
Two
types of funds into which Government revenue is deposited.
I)
Equalization
fund.
II)
Consolidated
fund.
III)
Contingencies
fund.
IV)
Revenue
fund.
14.
One
challenge facing the music industry in Kenya today.
i)
Piracy
of local artists work has denied them revenue.
ii)
Poor
recognition especially to those involved in music.
iii)
Exploitation
of royalty payments in the music industry (royalty is the sum of money that is
paid to the producer of the music).
iv)
Influence
of foreign music hence Kenyans do not value songs produced by local artists.
2
x 1 = 2
15.
Two
political developments that took place in Kenya after the first Lancaster House
conference of 1960.
i)
Four
of the elected members of the Leg Co accepted ministerial positions reserved
for Africans.
ii)
Formation
of country wide political parties for Africans hence KANU and KADU.
iii)
Formation
of new political alliances due to the high hopes of independence for example
Kalenjin Alliance, Coast African Political union etc.
iv)
Release
of Jomo Kenyatta who joined Leg Co.
v)
The first General elections along
party lines were held. (2 x
1 = 2)
16.
One
change made by the new constitution on the executive arm of the government.
i)
Devolution
of power to regions by creation of national and county governments.
ii)
Executive
powers of the president were reduced.
iii)
Ministers
to be referred to as Cabinet Secretaries not appointed from elected members of
parliament but professionals.
iv)
Vice
president, named as a running mate by the contesting president before
elections.
v)
Limited number of Cabinet
Secretaries (-14 – 22)
Any
other relevant point
( 1
x 1 = 1)
17.
One
major achievement of the current “Beyond Zero Campaign” in our health sector.
i)
Enhanced
safe delivery of mothers/reduced birth complicated issues.
ii)
Low
child mortality.
iii)
Promoted
free maternity services.
iv)
Minimized
mother to child infections during birth.
1 x
1 = 1
SECTION B:
18.
(a) Mention three dispersal points of Eastern
Bantus in Kenya. (3 marks)
I.
Lake
Victoria.
II.
Mount Kenya
III.
Shungwaya
3
x 1 = 3
(b) Explain the social – political organization
of the Somali during the pre-colonial period.
Social
organization
-
Related
families formed a clan.
-
They
had age-sets
-
They
marked initiation by circumcising their boys and girls.
-
They
had supreme God – wag.
-
They
had religious leaders (priests) who predicted over religious functions/16TH
century they were converted to Islam.
-
They
believed in the existence of ancestral spirits.
-
They
had special places of worship (shrines).
-
Marriage
was exogamous and polygamous.
-
Property
was inherited by the eldest son and then shared with the others.
-
They
had ceremonies in which they sang and danced.
-
Duties
were divided according to gender (men took care of the animals and protected
wells while women carried out domestic chores and constructed houses.
6
x 1 = 6
marks
Political organization.
-
They
had a decentralized system of government based on clans and made up of related
families.
-
Each
clan was independent of each other but came together to face a common enemy.
-
The
clan was headed by a council of elders.
-
The
council of elders had duties like presidency over assemblies, maintaining law
and order e.t.c.
-
They
had an overall chief (Sultan) but his powers did not supersede those of the
council of elders. (He was mainly a negotiator between different clans as well
as confirming a new sultan into office as a formality).
-
They
had age-set system which provided warriors for defense of the community against
external attacks and acquiring wealth for them.
-
Each
age –set performed specific political duties for a period of time.
-
With
the introduction of Islam, the council of elders was replaced by Sheikhs as
community leaders.
-
With
the introduction of Islam, their political system was based on the Islamic or
Sheria law.
Political
organization 6 x 1
= 6 marks
19.
a)
Highlight five reasons why Nabongo Mumia of Wanga collaborated with the
British.
-
To
be made of paramount chief not only of the Wanga, but of the entire region,
thus consolidating the powers in the whole Westaern Kenya.
-
To
secure British protection and assistance against the traditional enemies e.g.
the Luo of Ugenya, Bukusu and Nandi.
-
He
realized the futility of resistance as his community was small and ill equipped
to face the British.
-
Sought
help to activate his territorial expansion goals.
-
Wanted
to take advantage of the British Western civilization e.g. education, health
(Material benefits)
-
British
had made Buganda a protectorate, he knew his area was next. (5 x 5 = 5
marks)
b) Explain five results of Agikuyu
mixed reaction to colonial invasion in Kenya.
-
Led
to the animosity and hatred among the groups in Kikuyuland.
-
Agikuyu
land was alienated as large track of arable land was carved out for the British
with the help of the
collaborating leaders e.g. Wang’om be.
-
Collaborators
rose to prominence and amassed wealth e.g. Karuri Wa Gakure.
- Collaborators received Western
education and were converted to Christianity e.g. Kinyanjui Wa Gathurimu.
- There was loss of life and
massive destruction of property.
- The collaborators were enrolled
by the British as Home Guards/colonial headmen and chiefs.
- Agikuyu lost their independence.
- Social stratification emerged
among the Agikuyu based on material wealth i.e. the ‘Athamaki’ wealthy i.e. the
‘Athamaki’ wealthy upper class and ‘Ahoi’ were the poor landless.
(
5 x
2 = 10 marks )
20.
a)
Identify five ways in which the colonial government promoted settler farming.
-
Large
tracts of land snatched from Africans were given to settlers.
-
Africans
were banned from growing cash crops to eliminate competition for labour and
market.
-
Colonial
government built and maintained various means of transport e.g. railway,
bridges and
roads.
-
Colonial
government reduced freight charges in the importation of Agricultural inputs
and
produce.
-
The
government encouraged the formation of cooperatives to help in processing and
marketing
produced.
-
Established
financial institutions e.g. Agricultural Finance Cooperation and banks which
provided
the settlers with credit
facilities.
-
Agricultural
Settlement Board was set up to assist settlers in buying farm inputs and
equipments.
-
Establishment
of Department of Agricultural and Research Station to improve quality of crops
and animals. 5
x 1 = 5
marks )
b)
Explain the effects of colonial land policies in colonial Kenya.
-
Land
alienation created sense of insecurity and bitterness between Africans and the
colonial government.
-
White Highlands became European property
-
Africans
were pushed to the reserves which were overcrowded, overstocked and consequent
soil degradation.
-
Introduction
of the squatter system
-
Land
alienation disrupted traditional African Structure.
-
Introduction
of Kipande system
-
Taxes
were imposed on Africans forcing them to seek wage employment.
-
Indians
were denied access to Agricultural land hence became businessmen in urban
areas.
-
Land
issue led to the rise of nationalism, political associations and violent
movement e.g. Mau Mau.
5
x 2 = 10
marks
21.
a)
Identify three ways in which Devonshire White Paper contributed to the struggle
for independence in Kenya (3 marks)
-
United
Asians with Africans in the struggle against Europeans.
-
Interests
of the Africans became paramount.
-
The
settler demand for self-rule was not granted by the Governor.
3
x 1 = 3
marks
b)
Explain six ways through which the colonial government indirectly complelled
Africans to provide to provide labour to the white settlers. (12
marks)
-
Restricting
of Africans to infertile areas.
-
Africans
not allowed to keep grade cattle or grow cash crops hence seek paid employment
in
white farms.
-
The size of the reserves were small leading to
overcrowding and surplus population forced to look for labour on white farms.
-
Taxation
(Hut tax 1901, and poll tax 1910) introduced as a way of raising revenue
forcing the Africans to move to settler farms to obtain cash to pay taxes.
-
The
colonial government confiscated African livestock forcing them to seek
employment on settler farms .
-
Reserves
were situated away from towns, markets and means of transport for Africans not
to market their meager produce. They made them poor forcing them to work for
white settlers.
-
The
squatter system
6
x 2 = 12
marks
SECTION
C
22.
a)
Give five reasons why the General Elections are conducted in Kenya every five
years. (5 marks)
-
It
is a constitutional requirement that elections are held every five years.
-
To
give a chance to pick leaders they have confidence in.
-
They
keep leaders on their toes since if they fail to deliver they may be voted out.
-
They
give citizens a chance to exercise their democratic right of electing leaders
of their choice.
-
They
generate new ideas by offering alternative ways of running government through
different party manifestos.
5
x 1 = 5
marks.
b) Explain five functions of the public
service commission. (10 marks)
-
Establishing
and abolishing offices in the public service.
-
Appointing
persons to act or hold those offices and confirm their appointments.
-
Discipline
officers in the public service.
-
Promote
the values of the public service.
-
Investigate,
monitors and evaluates the organization administration and personal practices
of the public service.
-
Ensure
that public service is efficient and effective.
-
Develop
human resource in the public service.
-
Review
National Government in respect of condition of service, code of conduct and
qualifications of officers in the public service.
-
It
evaluates and report to the president and parliament on the extent to which the
values and principles of the public service are complied with.
-
It
hears and determines appeals in respect of county government’s public service.
5 x
2 = 10 marks
23.
a)
Highlight five functions and powers of the County Governor.
-
Heads
the management and co-ordination of the functions of the county administration.
-
Nominates
the deputy governor.
-
He/she
appoints members of the executive committee from those who are not members of
the county assembly.
-
Supervises
the functions of the county executive committee.
-
Participates
in the law- making process as the county executive prepares proposed
legislation for consideration by the county assembly.
-
He/she
is in charge of the implementation of county and national legislation as the
head of the county executive committee.
5
x 1 = 5
marks
b)
Explain the possible solutions to challenges faced by the national security
organs.
-
Acquisition
of modern communication equipments and vehicles to improve transport and
communication.
-
Introduction
of the post of public relations officer and spokesperson to co-ordinate and
dissemination of information affecting relations between the organs and the
public.
-
Community
policing introduced which helps security in getting information from the
public.
-
Personal
training programmes for officers to improve the effectiveness of the organs.
-
Qualification
requirements for recruitment into the security force have been raised e.g. Graduates employed.
-
Improvement
in terms and conditions of service for the members.
-
The
navy is making efforts to address patrol ships plying Kenyan waters as far
north as Somali border.
-
Aviation
expert recommended the relocation of Moi Air Base from its current site to
avoid impending disaster.
Any other relevant solution 5
x 2 = 10 Marks.
24.
a)
Identify three sources of revenue of the county government.
-
Equitably
– shared national revenue.
-
Own
revenues raised by respective counties.
-
Conditional
and unconditional grants from the national government.
-
Loans
from capital markets.
-
Grants
from local and external institutions.
3
x 1 = 3
marks
b)
Explain how the county government spends its revenue.
-
Provision of basic social services e.g. water, health facilities, funeral
parlous e.t.c.
-
Payment of wages and salaries for service rendered to the people.
-
Environmental conservation e.g. air and noise pollution, refuse removal and
solid waste disposal.
-Development
projects e,g, roads, parking facilities, street lighting, museums and casinos
(cultural and
entertainment facilities, markets, sports
facilities.
-
Debt servicing e.g. loans borrowed
-
Provision of early childhood education, home crafts skills and village
polytechnics.
-
Emergency kitty for any emergence situations e.g. firefighting services and
disaster management
(floods)
-
Repair, maintenance and improvement of public facilities e.g roads, health
markets, libraries, street light
and housing.
6
x 2 =
12 Marks
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