SECTION A (25 MARKS)
1.
Identify one source of Kenyan history. (1
mark)
(i) Oral
traditions
(ii) Archaeology/ Paleontology
(iii)
Anthropology
(iv) Linguistics
(v) Genetics
(vi) Electronic
apparatus/sources
(vii)
Written
sources
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
2.
State the basic political unit of
the Kenyan societies during the pre-colonial period. (1
mark)
(i)
The Clan
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
3.
Name the cradle land of the Eastern
Cushites. (1
mark)
(i)
Ethiopian
highlands
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
4.
Identify two religious functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi. (2 marks)
(i)
Presiding over religious functions like
offering sacrifices
(ii) Advised
and blessed warriors before battle.
(iii)
Foretold what was to happen in the
future.
(iv) He was consulted when disasters like
drought and diseases struck.
(v)
Had
the ability to make rain by communicating with the spirits of the ancestors.
(vi) He was the chief medicine man in the
community.
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
5.
Give two
roles of the Portuguese captains at the coast. (2
marks)
(i) To
collect taxes from the coastal rulers.
(ii) To impose import and export customs
duties.
(iii)
To
suppress any form of resistance and rebellion.
(iv) They were responsible for good governance
on behalf of the Viceroy based in
Goa – India.
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
6.
Identify two importance of the Kenyan constitution. (2 marks)
(i)
It is the basis of all legislations in the
country.
(ii) It spells out the structure of the
government and outlines functions and the powers of each arm.
(iii)
It
ensures equality of all Kenyans.
(iv) It spells out the powers of those in
authority/government and its
relationship to the governed.
(v)
It
spells out the duties and rights of the citizens of Kenya and in this way it enables the citizens to know what is
expected of them.
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
7.
Name the treaty signed by the British to
colonize Kenya. (1
mark)
(i)
Anglo- German
Agreement of 1886
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
8.
State one
oath administered during the Agiriama resistance. (1 mark)
(i) Mukushekushe
(ii) Fisi
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
9.
Give two
reasons why the British made limited attacks on the Somali. (2 marks)
(i)
The Somali
were nomadic in nature
(ii)
The region
lacked strategic economic importance
(iii)
It was
expensive in terms of personnel and arms
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
10. Give two grievances of the Asians that led
to the Devonshire White paper. (2 marks)
(i)
They wanted
equal rights with the settlers especially in the white highlands.
(ii)
They wanted
greater share in running the government more so in the Legislative Council.
(iii)
They wanted
their restriction on immigration to be done away with.
(iv)
They disliked
separate taxation and segregated education.
(v)
They wanted
racial discrimination and political injustices practiced by the whites to end.
(vi)
Voting based
on common roll
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
11. State
the major result of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954 in Kenya. (1 mark)
(i) Establishment of a multi racial Council
government/society
12. Identify
two reasons why the Africans were
denied equal educational opportunities with other
races during the colonial period. (2
marks)
(i)
The colonialists feared losing
manpower/labour in their farms.
(ii)
It
was generally thought that the African intellect could not cope with academic education.
(iii)
They
feared competition as the leavers would demand for jobs.
(iv)
They
feared that it would arouse anti- colonial feelings among the Africans.
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
13. Give one reason why the Africans were banned
from growing cash crops before 1954. (1
mark)
(i)
To ensure
continuous supply of labour
(ii)
To guard
against competition from them
(iii)
The settlers
claimed that the Africans did not have knowledge of cash crop farming as this
would lead to low quality products
(iv)
They feared
that crop diseases would spread from African farms to settler farms
(v)
The settlers
claimed that African farmers would produce low quality crops due to inadequate
resources.
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
14. State
two roles of African elected members
organization (AEMO) in the struggle for
independence. (2 marks)
(i)
Elected members formed a pressure group
to demand for greater political rights for
Africans/constitutional reforms.
(ii) They formed the core team which
pressurized for independence
(iii)
They
made known the grievances of the Africans in international fora/forum
(iv) They networked with other African
nationalists elsewhere e.g. Ghana and Nigeria to
hasten the achievement of independence in Kenya.
(v) They fought for the release of Jomo
Kenyatta and other imprisoned/detained African
nationalists.
(vi) They formed the national political parties
e.g. KANU, KADU and APP which led the
country to independence.
(vii)
They educated
and created awareness among the masses to the nationalist struggle.
(viii)
They
popularized Kenyatta and made him be accepted as the nationalist hero.
(ix) They took part in the formulation of the
independence constitution
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
15. Give
the main role of opposition parties
in Kenya. (1
mark)
(i) The opposition parties check the excesses
of the government by pointing out its mistakes/keep
the government on its toes.
1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)
16. Which
national philosophy was adopted at independence to promote social justice in Kenya? (1
mark)
(i)
Harambee
(ii)
African
Socialism
Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)
17. In
what two ways has the Kenyan
government attempted to promote cultural heritage? (2 marks)
(i)
By teaching
African heritage in some subjects like CRE and history.
(ii)
Promotion of
indigenous crafts like basketry.
(iii)
Promotion of
indigenous literature like teaching vernacular in schools.
(iv)
Promotion of
traditional dances and music through music festivals.
(v)
Encouraging
theatre performance on radio and television.
(vi)
Creation of
the ministry Gender, Culture and Sports to promote culture
Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)
SECTION B (45 marks)
18. (a) Identify five economic activities of the Maasai during the pre-colonial
period. (5
marks)
(i) They
kept animals/pastoralism
(ii) Some cultivated crops
(iii)
They
took part in trade with the, Agikuyu, and
Kipsigis
(iv) They practiced hunting and gathering
(v) They practiced mining of salt and red ochre
(vi) They took part in craft making like pottery
and basketry
(vii)
Blacksmiths
made a variety of tools and weapons from iron
(viii) Cattle raiding was also an important economic
activity
Any
5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Describe the political organization of
the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks)
(i) They
had a decentralized system of government
(ii) They were grouped in to clans. Each clan was
made up of many sub clans (Mbari)
with common descent and usually living in the same ridge.
(iii) Each ridge was under a spokesman
(muthamaki). He was the chairman of the
council and was chosen because of his personality.
(iv) Each clan was ruled by a council of elders
called Kiama.
(v) The council of elders performed functions like
solving land and inheritance disputes, settling
civil and criminal cases, served as the highest
court of appeal and presiding over religious functions.
(vi) There existed
two main generation sets (mariika) namely Mwangi and Maina. Each
performed leadership roles for a period of time.
(vii) There
existed a warrior class responsible for defense activities, their activities
were directed by a council of war.
(viii) Other
leaders like the prophets, priests and diviners played an important political role in the
society.
(ix) Some individuals rose to positions of
political importance in the 19th century as a result of exemplary
contribution to the society and wealth acquired.
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
19. (a) State five
reasons why the Oman Arabs were interested in establishing their rule on
the Kenyan coast. (5
marks)
(i) To
control trade.
(ii) To establish political control over the
Kenyan coast.
(iii)
The
coast had pleasant climate compared to Muscat which was hot and dry.
(iv) The region had fertile soils.
(v) To assist in ending Portuguese rule
(vi) The region had good natural harbours for
ships to anchor.
(vii)
The place had
adequate fresh water.
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five effects of slave trade on the African communities in Kenya. (10
marks)
(i)
Slave raids led to insecurity and fear
making people abandon their economic
activities.
(ii)
Able
bodied people were taken away as slaves leaving the weak who could not work effectively.
(iii)
It
led to death of many people
(iv)
It
led to loss of skilled labour force like iron smiths/undermined traditional industries
(v)
Slave
raids led to destruction of property
(vi)
It
led to depopulation of the region.
(vii)
It led to
displacement of many people.
(viii)
It promoted
interaction between various African communities like the Agikuyu and the
Akamba.
(ix)
It
led to the spread and use of Kiswahili to the interior.
(x)
It
led to the spread of Islam and Islamic culture
(xi)
It opened
the interior of Kenya for European penetration.
(xii)
Increased
inter community raids
(xiii)
People were
subjected to untold suffering and misery
(xiv)
It led to
change of social roles in the society
(xv)
It led to the
creation of centres of freed slaves like Frere town and Bagamoyo
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
20. (a) State five
demands made by the Taita Hills Association (THA) to the British
colonial government in Kenya. (5
marks)
(i) To
protest against destocking policy
(ii) To fight against forced labour
(iii)
To
fight against land alienation
(iv) To fight for the removal of Kipande system
(v) To fight for Africans be allowed to grow
cash crops like coffee
(vi) To have equal political status with the
Europeans
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Explain five roles played by women in the struggle for independence in
Kenya. (10 marks)
(i)
They raised funds for supporting political
activities.
(ii) They provided moral support to the freedom
fighters to go on with the struggle.
(iii)
They
demanded for the release of detained freedom fighters like Harry Thuku.
(iv) They took part in the struggle where some
were even leaders like Field Marshal Muthoni,
Nduta wa Kore and Mekatilili.
(v)
They
supplied food and arms to the freedom fighters in their hideouts.
(vi) They acted as spies for the freedom fighters.
(vii)
They
administered oaths of secrecy.
(viii)
They kept
their homes intact as men continued with the struggle.
(ix) They endured pain and suffering inflicted by
the colonial government for the sake of
liberation.
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
21. (a) Identify five categories of public land in Kenya. (5
marks)
(i) Land
used or occupied by the state organ.
(ii) Land transferred to the state by sale,
surrender or reversion.
(iii)
Land
which no individual or community ownership can be established.
(iv) Land where minerals or mineral oils have
been discovered.
(v) All government forests, game reserves,
water catchment areas, national parks and national
sanctuaries.
(vi) All roads and thoroughfares provided by the
Act of parliament.
(vii)
All rivers,
lakes and water bodies defined by an act of parliament.
(viii) The territorial sea, the exclusive zone and
the sea bed.
(ix) The continental shelf.
(x) All land between the high and lower
water-marks.
(xi) Any other land that is not classified as
private or community land under the constitution.
Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)
(b) Discuss five factors which have undermined the provision of health
services by the Government of
Kenya. (10
marks)
(i)
High population growth rate has limited
the government’s ability to finance health
services.
(ii) High poverty levels among people have
hampered access to medical services owing
to cost involved.
(iii)
Lack
of enough medical personnel has compromised the quality of services provided.
(iv) Lack of adequate funds to provide medical
facilities and equipment.
(v)
Poor
transport and communication in some areas undermine the provision of health services.
(vi) Continued pollution of the environment has
led to increased ailments thus jeopardizing
the government’s effort.
(vii)
Malnutrition/poor
diet has made it difficult for the government to maintain good health among the people/the increased
cases of terminal cases has led to diversion
of resources from the core health services.
(viii)
Unforeseen
high rate of accidents/injuries has strained the scarce resources.
(ix) Traditional or cultural practices have
frustrated the government’s effort to provide
health care.
(x)
Corruption
in the health sector has compromised delivery of services.
(xi) Illegal abortions and early pregnancies
endanger lives of mothers.
(xii)
Illiteracy
and ignorance and this may lead to misuse of drugs thus mutation of diseases.
Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)
SECTION C (30 marks)
22. (a) State three rights of minorities and
marginalized groups in Kenya. (3
marks)
(i) Right
to participate and be represented in government and other spheres of life.
(ii) Right to provision of special opportunities
in educational and economic fields.
(iii)
Right
to provision of special opportunities for access to employment.
(iv) Right to develop their cultural values, languages
and practices.
(v) Right to be provided with reasonable access
to water, health services and infrastructure.
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Describe six factors that tend to limit national unity in Kenya. (12 marks)
(i) Religious
difference can lead to conflict between individuals.
(ii) Tribalism can create disunity in a nation
inhabited by different ethnic groups.
(iii) Discrimination on the basis of one’s
race/racism creates disunity
(iv) Nepotism can create conflict especially
favoring ones relatives in employment and other activities.
(v) Corrupt practices may work against national
unity.
(vi) Misuse of power by leaders/ irresponsible
utterance by those in leadership may limit national unity.
(vii) Different party affiliations may cause
disunity in a country like Kenya that has
many parties
(viii) Different political ideologies may make people
not to tolerate others holding different opinions from
theirs and this may lead to disunity.
(ix) Greed for things like power and wealth can
cause disunity
(x) Ignorance which arises from lack of
information or knowledge limits efforts towards national unity
(xi) Poverty can lead to anti social behavior like
criminal activities with a view of getting what they do
not have and this can cause disunity.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)
23. (a) Give the composition of the Senate in
Kenya. (3
marks)
(i) Elected
members representing the Counties
(ii) Women members nominated by political
parties represented in the Senate
(iii)
A
man and a woman representing the youth
(iv) A man and a woman representing people with
disabilities
(v) The Speaker, who is an ex officio member
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Explain six functions that the Constitution of Kenya gives to the
President. (12 marks)
(i)
The president represents the government and
the people of Kenya locally and internationally/
addressing the nation once a year on all the measures taken and the progress achieved in realization
of national values and receiving foreign diplomatic
and consular representatives.
(ii)
The
president is the head of government and nominates the deputy president who deputizes him. He or she also appoints
and dismisses Cabinet Secretaries, the Attorney
General, and other office holders as outlined in the constitution.
(iii)
The
president addresses the opening of each newly elected parliament.
(iv)
The
president has the duty to chair cabinet meetings and directs and co-ordinates the functions of ministries and Government
departments.
(v)
The
president is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. He can declare war with the approval of
parliament. The president can also declare a state
of emergency.
(vi)
The
president confers honours to deserving persons in the name of the people and the Republic.
(vii)
The president can pardon criminals convicted
in a court of law.
(viii)
The president presides over national days in
the country.
(ix)
Has
the role to form the government after general elections.
(x)
The
president gives assent to parliamentary bills to become laws.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)
24. (a) Identify three factors that are addressed in the National Budget in Kenya. (3
marks)
(i) Estimated
amount of revenue required by the government during that year.
(ii) The various sources from which the
government hopes to raise revenue.
(iii)
Projects
on which the revenue would be spent.
Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)
(b) Explain six ways in which the County Governments in Kenya controls the use
of public finance. (12
marks)
(i)
Through the preparation of the County
budget.
(ii)
All
monies borrowed by a County government must be guaranteed by the National Government and approved by the County
Assembly.
(iii)
Money
due to a County Government may be temporarily stopped by the Cabinet Secretary for Finance to prevent
mismanagement.
(iv)
The
County Governments adhere to mechanisms established by the National Government on open tendering of procurement and disposal of public goods and services.
(v)
The
implementation of the County Budget is supervised by the Controller of Budget who submits a report to parliament
every four months.
(vi)
The
revenue and expenditure of County Government is audited by the Auditor General.
(vii)
The Governor
is accountable to the County Assembly for financial management within
the County and reports matters pertaining to finance.
(viii)
The Ethics
and Anti Corruption Commission investigates and recommends for prosecution of public officers who
mismanage funds within the County.
Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)
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